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The Medieval Expansion of Europe

By J. R. S. Phillips (NHC Fellow, 1987–88) Between the year 1000 and the mid-14th century, several remarkable events unfolded as Europeans made contact with a very substantial part of the inhabited world, much of it never previously known or suspected to exist by them. Leif Ericsson and other Vikings discovered North America; European crusading … Continued

Wampum and the Shaping of Early America

Most people think of wampum simply as Native American money, but it did not become money until European colonies adopted it as a medium of exchange. Once that happened, it spurred both Europeans and Native Americans to cross many of the cultural divides separating them, created manufacturing and trade networks throughout northeastern North America, and … Continued