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| All Recommended Texts
In chronological order by date of publication or creation.  | ||
| Date |
Title |
Online Source |
| 1865 | Equal Suffrage. Address from the Colored Citizens of Norfolk, Va., to the People of the United States, 1865, excerpts https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/freedom/text5/ equalsuffrage.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1865 | George Moses Horton, "Song of Liberty," poem, in Naked Liberty, 1865 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/freedom/text1/horton.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1865 /1866 |
Winslow Homer, Untitled [At the Cabin Door], oil on canvas, 1865/66 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/freedom/text1/ homercabindoor.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1866 | William E. Mathews, Jr., An Address Delivered in Baltimore on the Occasion of our Semi-Centenary [African Methodist Episopal Church], 1866 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/institutions/text6/mathews.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1867 | Edmonia Lewis, Forever Free, marble sculpture, 1867 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/freedom/text1/lewisffree.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1867 | Alfred Waud, The First Vote, drawing, Harper's Weekly, 16 November 1867 https://blackhistory.harpweek.com/7Illustrations/Reconstruction/ TheFirstVote.htm |
HarpWeek.com |
| 1868 | "Report of assaults with intent to murder, committed upon freed people in the division of Albany from January 1st to October 31st 1868," Freedmen's Bureau, 1868 https://www.freedmensbureau.com/georgia/gaoutr8.htm |
Freedmen's Bureau Online |
| 1869 | Edward Bannister, Newspaper Boy, oil on canvas, 1869 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/institutions/text7/ newspaper.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1870s -1910 |
The African American Family: Photographs from the New York Public Library / Schomberg Center for Research in Black Culture https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/institutions/text8/ aafamilies.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1874 | "The Benevolent and Charitable Societies of Cincinnati, Ohio," Appendix in Proceedings of the Semi-Centenary Celebration of the African Methodist Episcopal Church of Cincinnati . . . , 1874 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/institutions/text2/ benevolent.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1875 | Rev. Alexander Crummell, "The Social Principle among a People and Its Bearing on Their Progress and Development," Thanksgiving Day sermon, 1875, excerpts https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/institutions/text1/ crummell.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1876 | Winslow Homer, Visit from the Old Mistress, oil on canvas, 1876 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/freedom/text6/ homervisit.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1879 | Thomas Anshutz, The Way They Live, oil on canvas, 1879 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/freedom/text6/anshutz.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1880 | Norfleet Browne, Letter to the American Colonization Society from Liberia, 28 January 1880 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/freedom/text7/browne.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1880 | Benjamin Singleton, Testimony before the U.S. Senate on the "Negro Exodus from the Southern States," 17 April 1880, selection https://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/seven/w67singl.htm |
Public Broadcasting System (PBS) |
| 1886 | "Race Love," A. M. E. Church Review, editorial, April 1886 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/identity/text3/racelove.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1887 | Charles W. Chesnutt, "The Goophered Grapevine," short story, 1887 https://xroads.virginia.edu/~DRBR/goophere.html |
American Studies, University of Virginia |
| 1890 | Frederick Douglass, "The Race Problem," address, 21 October 1890, excerpts https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/politics/text2/douglass.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1890 | Edward Johnson, A School History of the Negro Race in America, textbook, 1890/1911, excerpts https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/identity/text6/history.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1893 | Frances Harper, Iola Leroy, or, Shadows Uplifted, novel, 1893, Ch. 26, "Open Questions" https://digilib.nypl.org/dynaweb/digs/wwm97248/@Generic__BookView |
New York Public Library, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture (Digital Schomburg) |
| 1895 | Rev. Henry McNeal Turner, "The American Negro and His Fatherland," address, 1895 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/identity/text8/turner.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1895 | Booker T. Washington, "The Atlanta Exposition Address," 1895 (Ch. 14 in Up from Slavery, 1901) https://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/WASHINGTON/ch14.html |
Hypertexts, American Studies, University of Virginia |
| 1895 | William J. Whipper, Statement to the South Carolina Constitutional Convention, 1895, excerpts https://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5469 |
History Matters, from George Mason University and the City University of New York (CUNY) |
| 1895 | Paul Laurence Dunbar, "The Haunted Oak," poem, 1895 https://www.plethoreum.net/dunbar/gallery/TheHauntedOak.asp |
University of Dayton [Ohio] |
| 1896 | Paul Laurence Dunbar, four poems in We Wear the Mask, 1896 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/identity/text3/dunbar.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1896 | Warren Coleman, Appeal to support a black-operated cotton mill, Daily Concord [N.C.] Standard, 5 July 1896 https://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5744 |
History Matters, from George Mason University and the City University of New York (CUNY) |
| 1896 | U.S. Supreme Court, Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896, majority opinion of Justice Brown, dissent of Justice Harlan, excerpts https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/politics/text3/plessy.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1898 | Charles W. Chesnutt, "The Wife of His Youth," short story, 1898 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/identity/text1/ chesnuttyouth.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1899 | James Weldon Johnson and John Rosamunde Johnson, "Lift Every Voice and Sing," song, 1899 https://www.cyberhymnal.org/htm/l/i/liftevry.htm |
The CyberHymnal |
| 1899 | Winslow Homer, The Gulf Stream, oil on canvas, 1899 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/politics/text2/homer.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1899- 1900 |
W. E. B. Du Bois, African American photographs assembled for the "American Negro" exhibit at the 1900 Paris International Exposition https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/p?pp/ils:FILREQ(@FIELD (COLLID+anedub))::SortBy=CALL |
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division |
| late 1800s |
Images of 19th-century African Americans: political action https://digital.nypl.org/schomburg/images_aa19/politic.cfm?qlaa1107 |
New York Public Library, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture (Digital Schomburg) |
| late 1800s |
Portrayal of the "Negro banjo player" in 19th century: seven images https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/identity/text4/banjo.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1900 | Cake walk performed by the Americus Quartet, 1900, two videoclips (1) https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/varstg: @field(NUMBER(0367)) (2) https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/varstg: @field(NUMBER(0377)) |
Library of Congress: American Memory |
| 1900 | Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins, Contending Forces, novel, 1900, Ch. 8, "The Sewing-Circle" https://digilib.nypl.org/dynaweb/digs/wwm97247/ |
New York Public Library, Schomburg Center for Reseach in Black Culture (Digital Schomburg) |
| 1900 | "Negro Rule," The [Raleigh, NC] News and Observer, political cartoon, 1900 https://historyproject.ucdavis.edu/imageapp.php?Major=BA &Minor=G&SlideNum=28.00 |
The History Project, University of California, Davis |
| 1900 | Clara Ann Thompson, "Uncle Rube on the Race Problem," poem, 1900 https://digilib.nypl.org/dynaweb/digs/wwm9723/@Generic__ BookTextView/1367 |
New York Public Library, Schomburg Center for Reseach in Black Culture (Digital Schomburg) |
| 1900 | Booker T. Washington, Address to the National Negro Business League, 1900 https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/1900/filmmore/reference/primary/ bookert.html |
WGBH, Boston; Public Broadcasting System (PBS) |
| 1900 | Ida B. Wells-Barnett, "Lynch Law in America," The Arena, January 1900 https://courses.washington.edu/spcmu/speeches/idabwells.htm |
Dept. of Speech Communication, University of Washington |
| 1901 | Charles W. Chesnutt, The Marrow of Tradition, novel, 1901, Ch. 5, "A Journey Southward," excerpts https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/politics/text3/chesnutt.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1901 | "Ohio's Anti-Lynching Law," Cleveland Gazette, 8 June 1901 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/politics/text5/cleveland.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1901 | Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery: An Autobiography, 1901, Ch. 1-3, 8 [Ch. 14: Atlanta Exposition Address, see 1895] https://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/WasSlav.html |
Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library |
| 1902 | Frances Benjamin Johnston, photographs of Tuskegee Institute, Alabama, 1902, commissioned by Tuskegee president Booker T. Washington https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/institutions/text4/ johnston.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1903 | W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, essays, 1903, Ch. 1-3 https://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/DubSoul.html |
Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library |
| 1903 | W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Talented Tenth," essay in The Negro Problem, 1903, excerpts https://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/1148.htm |
Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition (Yale Center for International and Area Studies) |
| 1903 /1904 |
"Our Women's Clubs," Cleveland Journal, 12 September 1903 "Women's Clubs," Cleveland Journal, 6 August 1904 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/institutions/text2/ womensclubs.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1904 | Richmond [Virginia] Planet, newspaper coverage of the streetcar boycott, 1904, selections https://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/ext/ap/chapter20/ 20.2.planet.html |
Thomson Wadsworth Publishing |
| 1905 | W. E. B. Du Bois et al., Niagara Movement Declaration of Principles, 1905 https://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/1152.htm |
Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition (Yale Center for International and Area Studies) |
| ca. 1905 | Alice Dunbar-Nelson, "The Stones of the Village," short story, ca. 1905 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/identity/text5/ dunbarnelson.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1907 | Meta Warrick, "Negro Tableaux" for the Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition, 1907 https://www.indiana.edu/~jah/teaching/2003_03/teaching.shtml |
Journal of American History, Indiana University |
| 1908 | "The Dogwood Tree," postcard, 1908 https://faculty.dwc.edu/cernek/ss340/modernimages/dogwood.html |
Modern Images Directory, Dr. Stephen Cernek, Daniel Webster College, Nashua, NH |
| 1909 | George Bellows, Both Members of This Club, oil on canvas, 1909 https://www.nga.gov/cgi-bin/pinfo?Object=30683+0+none |
National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC |
| 1909 | National Negro Committee, Letter from Mrs. English Walling, secretary, inviting participants to a national conference, 6 February 1909 https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart6b.html#0609 |
Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, NAACP Collection; in African American Odyssey |
| 1910 | William Waring Cuney, "My Lord, What a Morning," poem, 1910 https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart6.html#0625 |
Library of Congress, African American Odyssey |
| 1912 | James Weldon Johnson, The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, novel, 1912 -excerpts on race: https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/identity/text5/johnsonrace.pdf -excerpts on culture: https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/identity/text7/johnsoncult.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1913 | James Weldon Johnson, "Fifty Years, 1863-1913: On the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Signing of the Emancipation Proclamation," poem, 1913 https://www.bartleby.com/269/46.html |
Bartleby.com, Great Books Online |
| 1913 | Booker T. Washington, "Negro Progress in Virginia," address, 7 November 1913 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/forward/text1/washington.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1914 | Meta Warrick-Fuller, Ethiopia Awakening, bronze sculpture, 1914 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/forward/text5/ethiopia.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1915 | Monroe Trotter, On his meeting with President Wilson, The Crisis, January 1915 https://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5719 |
History Matters, from George Mason University and the City University of New York (CUNY) |
| 1915 | Lincoln Motion Picture Company, Realization of a Negro's Ambition, film poster, 1915 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/forward/text5/ambition.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1915 | D. W. Griffith, Birth of a Nation, film, 1915, videoclips https://www.uno.edu/~drcom/Griffith/Birth/R.html |
Dept. of Drama and Communications, University of New Orleans |
| ca. 1915 | Fenton Johnson, poems, ca. 1915 "Children of the Sun": https://www.bartleby.com/269/61.html "Tired": https://www.bartleby.com/269/63.html |
Bartleby.com, Great Books Online |
| 1917 | Letters from African American migrants in Philadelphia and Chicago to friends in the South, 1917 [published in The Journal of Negro History, 1919], excerpts https://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5339 |
History Matters, from George Mason University and the City University of New York (CUNY) |
| 1917 | Norfolk [Virginia] Journal and Guide et al., coverage of African American labor organizing, 1917 https://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5054 |
History Matters, from George Mason University and the City University of New York (CUNY) |
| 1917 | The Ohio Federation for Uplift Among Colored People, "Are You With Us?," pamphlet, 1917
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/forward/text7/withus.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| 1919 | Emmett J. Scott, Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the World War, 1919, Ch. 3, 6 https://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/comment/Scott/ScottTC.htm#contents |
Richard Hacken, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University; World War I Document Archive |
| 1924 | Jelly Roll Morton, "Jelly Roll Blues," ca. 1911, as performed in 1924
https://www.redhotjazz.com/jellyroll.html |
The Red Hot Jazz Archive |
| 1934 | "Long John," traditional African American work song; lyrics and audio clip recorded in 1934 by John and Alan Lomax for the Library of Congress https://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5758/ |
History Matters, from George Mason University and the City University of New York (CUNY) |
| 1936- 1938 |
Narratives of former slaves on the first days of freedom; interviews compiled by the Federal Writers Project, U.S. Works Progress Administration (WPA), 1936-1938 https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/freedom/text1/ wpanarratives.pdf |
National Humanities Center |
| ca. 1937 | Henry Blake (former slave), interview on sharecropping, Federal Writers Project, U.S. Works Progress Administration (WPA), ca. 1937, excerpt https://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6377/ |
History Matters, from George Mason University and the City University of New York (CUNY) |
| 1940 | Lucious Curtis, "Times Is Gettin Harder," blues, as performed in 1940
https://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5333 |
History Matters, from George Mason University and the City University of New York (CUNY) |
| 1970 | Eubie Blake, interview with Max Morath on ragtime, 1970, with audioclip https://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/95/ |
History Matters, from George Mason University and the City University of New York (CUNY) |
| 1998- 1999 |
Spirituals performed by the Jubilee Singers of Fisk University, 1998-1990, five audioclips
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/singers/sfeature/songs.html |
WGBH, Boston; Public Broadcasting System (PBS) |
| 2004 | Laurie Maffly-Kipp, "African American Religion, Pt. II: From the Civil Warto the Great Migration, 1865-1920," in Divining America (TeacherServe© from the National Humanities Center)
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo/aarcwgm.htm |
National Humanities Center |
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Toolbox Library: Primary Resources in U.S. History and Literature National Humanities Center Web site comments and questions, contact: nhc_ed@nationalhumanitiescenter.org Copyright © 2005 National Humanities Center. All rights reserved. Revised: January 2014 nationalhumanitiescenter.org |