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Toolbox: The Making of African American Identity: Volume II, 1865-1917

All Recommended Texts

In chronological order by date of publication or creation.

Date
Title
Online Source
1865 Equal Suffrage. Address from the Colored Citizens of Norfolk, Va., to the People of the United States, 1865, excerpts
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/freedom/text5/
equalsuffrage.pdf
National Humanities Center
1865 George Moses Horton, "Song of Liberty," poem, in Naked Liberty, 1865
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/freedom/text1/horton.pdf
National Humanities Center
1865
/1866
Winslow Homer, Untitled [At the Cabin Door], oil on canvas, 1865/66
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/freedom/text1/
homercabindoor.pdf
National Humanities Center
1866 William E. Mathews, Jr., An Address Delivered in Baltimore on the Occasion of our Semi-Centenary [African Methodist Episopal Church], 1866
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/institutions/text6/mathews.pdf
National Humanities Center
1867 Edmonia Lewis, Forever Free, marble sculpture, 1867
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/freedom/text1/lewisffree.pdf
National Humanities Center
1867 Alfred Waud, The First Vote, drawing, Harper's Weekly, 16 November 1867
https://blackhistory.harpweek.com/7Illustrations/Reconstruction/
TheFirstVote.htm
HarpWeek.com
1868 "Report of assaults with intent to murder, committed upon freed people in the division of Albany from January 1st to October 31st 1868," Freedmen's Bureau, 1868
https://www.freedmensbureau.com/georgia/gaoutr8.htm
Freedmen's Bureau Online
1869 Edward Bannister, Newspaper Boy, oil on canvas, 1869
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/institutions/text7/
newspaper.pdf
National Humanities Center
1870s
-1910
The African American Family: Photographs from the New York Public Library / Schomberg Center for Research in Black Culture
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/institutions/text8/
aafamilies.pdf
National Humanities Center
1874 "The Benevolent and Charitable Societies of Cincinnati, Ohio," Appendix in Proceedings of the Semi-Centenary Celebration of the African Methodist Episcopal Church of Cincinnati . . . , 1874
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/institutions/text2/
benevolent.pdf
National Humanities Center
1875 Rev. Alexander Crummell, "The Social Principle among a People and Its Bearing on Their Progress and Development," Thanksgiving Day sermon, 1875, excerpts
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/institutions/text1/
crummell.pdf
National Humanities Center
1876 Winslow Homer, Visit from the Old Mistress, oil on canvas, 1876
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/freedom/text6/
homervisit.pdf
National Humanities Center
1879 Thomas Anshutz, The Way They Live, oil on canvas, 1879
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/freedom/text6/anshutz.pdf
National Humanities Center
1880 Norfleet Browne, Letter to the American Colonization Society from Liberia, 28 January 1880
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/freedom/text7/browne.pdf
National Humanities Center
1880 Benjamin Singleton, Testimony before the U.S. Senate on the "Negro Exodus from the Southern States," 17 April 1880, selection
https://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/seven/w67singl.htm
Public Broadcasting System
(PBS)
1886 "Race Love," A. M. E. Church Review, editorial, April 1886
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/identity/text3/racelove.pdf
National Humanities Center
1887 Charles W. Chesnutt, "The Goophered Grapevine," short story, 1887
https://xroads.virginia.edu/~DRBR/goophere.html
American Studies, University of Virginia
1890 Frederick Douglass, "The Race Problem," address, 21 October 1890, excerpts
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/politics/text2/douglass.pdf
National Humanities Center
1890 Edward Johnson, A School History of the Negro Race in America, textbook, 1890/1911, excerpts
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/identity/text6/history.pdf
National Humanities Center
1893 Frances Harper, Iola Leroy, or, Shadows Uplifted, novel, 1893, Ch. 26, "Open Questions"
https://digilib.nypl.org/dynaweb/digs/wwm97248/@Generic__BookView
New York Public Library, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture (Digital Schomburg)
1895 Rev. Henry McNeal Turner, "The American Negro and His Fatherland," address, 1895
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/identity/text8/turner.pdf
National Humanities Center
1895 Booker T. Washington, "The Atlanta Exposition Address," 1895 (Ch. 14 in Up from Slavery, 1901)
https://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/WASHINGTON/ch14.html
Hypertexts, American Studies, University of Virginia
1895 William J. Whipper, Statement to the South Carolina Constitutional Convention, 1895, excerpts
https://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5469
History Matters, from George Mason University and the City University of New York (CUNY)
1895 Paul Laurence Dunbar, "The Haunted Oak," poem, 1895
https://www.plethoreum.net/dunbar/gallery/TheHauntedOak.asp
University of Dayton [Ohio]
1896 Paul Laurence Dunbar, four poems in We Wear the Mask, 1896
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/identity/text3/dunbar.pdf
National Humanities Center
1896 Warren Coleman, Appeal to support a black-operated cotton mill, Daily Concord [N.C.] Standard, 5 July 1896
https://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5744
History Matters, from George Mason University and the City University of New York (CUNY)
1896 U.S. Supreme Court, Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896, majority opinion of Justice Brown, dissent of Justice Harlan, excerpts
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/politics/text3/plessy.pdf
National Humanities Center
1898 Charles W. Chesnutt, "The Wife of His Youth," short story, 1898
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/identity/text1/
chesnuttyouth.pdf
National Humanities Center
1899 James Weldon Johnson and John Rosamunde Johnson, "Lift Every Voice and Sing," song, 1899
https://www.cyberhymnal.org/htm/l/i/liftevry.htm
The CyberHymnal
1899 Winslow Homer, The Gulf Stream, oil on canvas, 1899
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/politics/text2/homer.pdf
National Humanities Center
1899-
1900 
W. E. B. Du Bois, African American photographs assembled for the "American Negro" exhibit at the 1900 Paris International Exposition
https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/p?pp/ils:FILREQ(@FIELD
(COLLID+anedub))::SortBy=CALL
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division
late
1800s
Images of 19th-century African Americans: political action
https://digital.nypl.org/schomburg/images_aa19/politic.cfm?qlaa1107
New York Public Library, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture (Digital Schomburg)
late
1800s
Portrayal of the "Negro banjo player" in 19th century: seven images
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/identity/text4/banjo.pdf
National Humanities Center
1900 Cake walk performed by the Americus Quartet, 1900, two videoclips
(1) https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/varstg:
@field(NUMBER(0367))

(2) https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/varstg:
@field(NUMBER(0377))
Library of Congress: American Memory
1900 Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins, Contending Forces, novel, 1900, Ch. 8, "The Sewing-Circle"
https://digilib.nypl.org/dynaweb/digs/wwm97247/
New York Public Library, Schomburg Center for Reseach in Black Culture (Digital Schomburg)
1900 "Negro Rule," The [Raleigh, NC] News and Observer, political cartoon, 1900
https://historyproject.ucdavis.edu/imageapp.php?Major=BA
&Minor=G&SlideNum=28.00
The History Project, University of California, Davis
1900 Clara Ann Thompson, "Uncle Rube on the Race Problem," poem, 1900
https://digilib.nypl.org/dynaweb/digs/wwm9723/@Generic__
BookTextView/1367
New York Public Library, Schomburg Center for Reseach in Black Culture (Digital Schomburg)
1900 Booker T. Washington, Address to the National Negro Business League, 1900
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/1900/filmmore/reference/primary/
bookert.html
WGBH, Boston; Public Broadcasting System (PBS)
1900 Ida B. Wells-Barnett, "Lynch Law in America," The Arena, January 1900
https://courses.washington.edu/spcmu/speeches/idabwells.htm
Dept. of Speech Communication, University of Washington
1901 Charles W. Chesnutt, The Marrow of Tradition, novel, 1901, Ch. 5, "A Journey Southward," excerpts
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/politics/text3/chesnutt.pdf
National Humanities Center
1901 "Ohio's Anti-Lynching Law," Cleveland Gazette, 8 June 1901
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/politics/text5/cleveland.pdf
National Humanities Center
1901 Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery: An Autobiography, 1901, Ch. 1-3, 8 [Ch. 14: Atlanta Exposition Address, see 1895]
https://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/WasSlav.html
Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library
1902 Frances Benjamin Johnston, photographs of Tuskegee Institute, Alabama, 1902, commissioned by Tuskegee president Booker T. Washington
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/institutions/text4/
johnston.pdf
National Humanities Center
1903 W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, essays, 1903, Ch. 1-3
https://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/DubSoul.html
Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library
1903 W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Talented Tenth," essay in The Negro Problem, 1903, excerpts
https://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/1148.htm
Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition (Yale Center for International and Area Studies)
1903
/1904
"Our Women's Clubs," Cleveland Journal, 12 September 1903
"Women's Clubs," Cleveland Journal, 6 August 1904
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/institutions/text2/
womensclubs.pdf
National Humanities Center
1904 Richmond [Virginia] Planet, newspaper coverage of the streetcar boycott, 1904, selections
https://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/ext/ap/chapter20/
20.2.planet.html
Thomson Wadsworth Publishing
1905 W. E. B. Du Bois et al., Niagara Movement Declaration of Principles, 1905
https://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/1152.htm
Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition (Yale Center for International and Area Studies)
ca. 1905 Alice Dunbar-Nelson, "The Stones of the Village," short story, ca. 1905
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/identity/text5/
dunbarnelson.pdf
National Humanities Center
1907 Meta Warrick, "Negro Tableaux" for the Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition, 1907
https://www.indiana.edu/~jah/teaching/2003_03/teaching.shtml
Journal of American History, Indiana University
1908 "The Dogwood Tree," postcard, 1908
https://faculty.dwc.edu/cernek/ss340/modernimages/dogwood.html
Modern Images Directory, Dr. Stephen Cernek, Daniel Webster College, Nashua, NH
1909 George Bellows, Both Members of This Club, oil on canvas, 1909
https://www.nga.gov/cgi-bin/pinfo?Object=30683+0+none
National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
1909 National Negro Committee, Letter from Mrs. English Walling, secretary, inviting participants to a national conference, 6 February 1909
https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart6b.html#0609
Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, NAACP Collection; in African American Odyssey
1910 William Waring Cuney, "My Lord, What a Morning," poem, 1910
https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart6.html#0625
Library of Congress, African American Odyssey
1912 James Weldon Johnson, The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, novel, 1912
-excerpts on race: https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/identity/text5/johnsonrace.pdf
-excerpts on culture: https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/identity/text7/johnsoncult.pdf
National Humanities Center
1913 James Weldon Johnson, "Fifty Years, 1863-1913: On the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Signing of the Emancipation Proclamation," poem, 1913
https://www.bartleby.com/269/46.html
Bartleby.com, Great Books Online
1913 Booker T. Washington, "Negro Progress in Virginia," address, 7 November 1913
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/forward/text1/washington.pdf
National Humanities Center
1914 Meta Warrick-Fuller, Ethiopia Awakening, bronze sculpture, 1914
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/forward/text5/ethiopia.pdf
National Humanities Center
1915 Monroe Trotter, On his meeting with President Wilson, The Crisis, January 1915
https://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5719
History Matters, from George Mason University and the City University of New York (CUNY)
1915 Lincoln Motion Picture Company, Realization of a Negro's Ambition, film poster, 1915
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/forward/text5/ambition.pdf
National Humanities Center
1915 D. W. Griffith, Birth of a Nation, film, 1915, videoclips
https://www.uno.edu/~drcom/Griffith/Birth/R.html
Dept. of Drama and Communications, University of New Orleans
ca. 1915 Fenton Johnson, poems, ca. 1915
"Children of the Sun": https://www.bartleby.com/269/61.html
"Tired": https://www.bartleby.com/269/63.html
Bartleby.com, Great Books Online
1917 Letters from African American migrants in Philadelphia and Chicago to friends in the South, 1917 [published in The Journal of Negro History, 1919], excerpts
https://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5339
History Matters, from George Mason University and the City University of New York (CUNY)
1917 Norfolk [Virginia] Journal and Guide et al., coverage of African American labor organizing, 1917
https://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5054
History Matters, from George Mason University and the City University of New York (CUNY)
1917 The Ohio Federation for Uplift Among Colored People, "Are You With Us?," pamphlet, 1917
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/forward/text7/withus.pdf
National Humanities Center
1919 Emmett J. Scott, Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the World War, 1919, Ch. 3, 6
https://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/comment/Scott/ScottTC.htm#contents
Richard Hacken, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University; World War I Document Archive
1924 Jelly Roll Morton, "Jelly Roll Blues," ca. 1911, as performed in 1924
https://www.redhotjazz.com/jellyroll.html
The Red Hot Jazz Archive
1934 "Long John," traditional African American work song; lyrics and audio clip recorded in 1934 by John and Alan Lomax for the Library of Congress
https://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5758/
History Matters, from George Mason University and the City University of New York (CUNY)
1936-
1938 
Narratives of former slaves on the first days of freedom; interviews compiled by the Federal Writers Project, U.S. Works Progress Administration (WPA), 1936-1938
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/freedom/text1/
wpanarratives.pdf
National Humanities Center
ca. 1937 Henry Blake (former slave), interview on sharecropping, Federal Writers Project, U.S. Works Progress Administration (WPA), ca. 1937, excerpt
https://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6377/
History Matters, from George Mason University and the City University of New York (CUNY)
1940 Lucious Curtis, "Times Is Gettin Harder," blues, as performed in 1940
https://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5333
History Matters, from George Mason University and the City University of New York (CUNY)
1970 Eubie Blake, interview with Max Morath on ragtime, 1970, with audioclip
https://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/95/
History Matters, from George Mason University and the City University of New York (CUNY)
1998-
1999 
Spirituals performed by the Jubilee Singers of Fisk University, 1998-1990, five audioclips
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/singers/sfeature/songs.html
WGBH, Boston; Public Broadcasting System (PBS)
2004 Laurie Maffly-Kipp, "African American Religion, Pt. II: From the Civil Warto the Great Migration, 1865-1920," in Divining America (TeacherServe© from the National Humanities Center)
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo/aarcwgm.htm
National Humanities Center



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Toolbox: The Making of African American Identity: Volume II, 1865-1917
Freedom | Identity | Institutions | Politics | Forward


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Toolbox Library: Primary Resources in U.S. History and Literature
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Revised: January 2014
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